CHANGE AND INNOVATION
·
Compare and
contrast views on the change process
Change
is an occasional disruption in the normal flow of events and can be planned and
managed as it happens. In onther ways, change is ongoing and managng it is a
continual process.
Lewin’s
three-step model says change can be managed by unfreezing the status quo (old
behaviours), changing the new state, and refreezing the new behaviors.
·
Classify types
of organizational change!
There
are three types of organizational changes, these are:
1.
Changing structure
This changing involves any
changes in strutural components or structural design.
2.
Changing technology
This changing involves
introducing new equipment, tools, or methods; automation or computeration.
3.
Changing people
This changing involves changing attitudes, expectations, perceptions,
and behaviors.
·
How to
manage resistance to change?
The
techniques for reducing resistance to change iclude:
1.
Education and communication
Educating employees about
and communicating to them the need for the change.
2.
Participation
Allowing employees to
participate in the change process.
3.
Facilitation and support
Giving employees the support
they need to implement the change.
4.
Negotiation
Exchanging something of
value to reduce rrsistance.
5.
Manipulation and co-optation
Using negative actions to
influence.
6.
Coercion
Using direct threats or
force.
·
What is
contemporary issues in managing change?
The
shared values that comprise an organization’s culture are relatively stable,
which maes it difficult to change. Managers can do many ways to solve the
changing problem, these are:
1.
By being positive role models
2.
Creating new stories, symbols, and
rituals
3.
Selecting, promoting, and
supporting employees who adopt the new values
4.
Redesingning socialization
processes
5.
Changing the reward system,
clearly specifying expectations
6.
Shaking up current subcultures
7.
Getting employees to participate
in change
Making
change happen successfully involves focusing on making the organization change
capable, making sure managers understand their own role in process, and giving
individual employees a role in the process.
·
What are
techniques for stimulating innovation?
Creativity is the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual
associations between ideas. Innovation
is turning the outcomes of the creative process into useful products or wor
methods.
There
are three variables that can stimulating innovations:
1.
Important structural variables
This variables include an
organic-type structure, abundant resources, frequent communication between
organizational units, minimal time pressure, and support.
2.
Important cultural variables
This variables include
accepting ambiguity, tolerating the impractical, keeping external controls
minimal, tolerating risk, tolerating conflict, focusing on ends not means,
using an open-system focus, providing positive feedback, and being an
empowering leader.
3.
Important human resource variables
This variables include high
commitment to training and developmnet, high job security, and encouraging
indiviudals to be idea champions.
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