FOUNDATIONS OF PLANNING
·
Define the
nature and purposes of planning
Planning
involves defining organization’s goal, establishing an overall strategy for
achieving those goals, and developing plans for organizational work activities.
The
four purposes of planning include:
1.
Providing direction
2.
Reducing uncertainty
3.
Minimizing wase and redundancy
4.
Establishing the goals or
standards used in controlling
·
Classify the
types of goals organizations might have and the plans they use.
Goals are desired outcomes. Goals might be strategic or financial and they
might be stated or real.
Plans are documents that outline how goals are going to be met. Strategic plans apply to the entire
organization while operational plans encompass a particular functional area. Long-term plans are those with a time
frame more than three years. Short-term
plans cover one years or less. Specific
plans are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation. Directional plans are flexible and set
out general guidelines. A single-use
plan is a one-time plan designed to meet the needs of a unique situation. Standing plans are ongoing plans that
provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly.
·
Compare and
contrast approaches to goal setting and planning.
Well-written
goals have six characteristics:
1.
Written in terms of outcomes
2.
Measurable and quantifiable
3.
Clear as to time frame
4.
Chalengging but attainable
5.
Written down
6.
Communicated to all organizational
members who need to know them
Goal setting involves these steps:
1.
Review the organization’s mission
2.
Evaluate available resources
3.
Determine the goals individually
or with input from others
4.
Write down the goals and
communicate them to all who need to know
them
5.
Review results and change goals as
needed
·
Discuss
contemporary issues in planning.
One
contremporary planning issue is planning in dynamic environments, which usually
means developing plans that are specific but flexible. Also, it’s important to
continue planning even when the environment is highly uncertain. Finally,
because there’s little time in dynamic environment for goals and plans to flow
down from the top, lowe organizational levels should be allowed to set goals
and develop plans.
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